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From 1 February 2018, over-the-counter (OTC) codeine medications and combination medications will become prescription only. This means that patients wishing to use painkiller medicines containing codeine will have to obtain a prescription from their GP or healthcare provider or use an alternative OTC product such as paracetamol, ibuprofen or a combination of these drugs¹.

What problems are OTC codeine drugs causing?

Codeine is an opioid drug closely related to morphine and, like morphine, is derived from opium poppies.²

Research³ shows聽that current OTC low-dose (<30 mg) medicines containing codeine for pain relief offer very little additional benefit when compared to similar medicines without codeine. The use of such medicines, however, is associated with high health risks.

Codeine can cause⁴聽opioid tolerance, dependence, addiction, poisoning and in high doses, even death. Regular use of medicines containing codeine, for example for chronic pain, has led to some consumers becoming addicted to codeine without realising it.

Who is experiencing codeine addiction?

According to NPS Medicinewise (2017), research in a public hospital found that more than 80% of people admitted to the hospital with codeine misuse-related conditions were women, aged between 20.8 and 53.6 years, of which 60% were from a low socioeconomic background, and 70% were smokers. They were predominantly using OTC codeine to help with musculoskeletal pain and headache/migraine⁵.

In an editorial in , clinical pharmacologist Darren Roberts and senior research fellow Suzanne Nielsen note that people with codeine dependency may emerge months after the change if they have been stockpiling the drugs.

鈥淧eople with substance disorders are not always readily identified by stereotyped external features or behaviours. They are often hesitant to disclose substance use, if indeed they acknowledge that their use is problematic,鈥� they write.

Side effects and dependence

The Therapeutic Drugs Administration (TGA)⁶聽lists possible codeine-use side effects as including:

• Headache
• Nausea
• Drowsiness and dizziness
• Difficulty breathing
• Constipation
• Addiction and tolerance

and says signs of codeine dependence include:

• Loss of appetite and weight loss
• Nausea and vomiting
• Cold sweats, clammy hands and feet
• Poor physical coordination
• Using more codeine to get the same effect
• Unable to stop or cut down on the use of codeine
• Confusion
• Mood swings
• Changes in sleeping patterns
• It is affecting our life 鈥� patients聽may be losing interest in regular activities, are often late or absent from work or school or having relationship problems.

Resources for聽healthcare practitioners

There is a wealth of information and tools that can assist healthcare practitioners in managing patients with questions about codeine access, and in assisting with diagnosing and managing codeine dependence. A good place to start is with the practitioner codeine information hubs provided by the聽听补苍诲 . If you are a member of a professional body or association, they may have additional information and position statements.

References

1. TGA 2016, 鈥楥odeine containing medicines to move to prescription only鈥�, Therapeutic Goods Association, viewed 30 January 2018.

2, 3, 4. TGA 2018, 鈥榃hy is access to low-dose codeine-containing medicines changing?鈥� Therapeutic Goods Association, viewed 30 January 2018,

5. NPS Medicinewise 2017, 鈥極ver-the-counter codeine: hospitalisation costs revealed鈥�, NPS Medicinewise, viewed 30 January 2018,

6. TGA 2017, 鈥楥odeine information hub: Codeine use can be harmful鈥�, Therapeutic Goods Association, viewed 30 January 2018,

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