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Scientists at the University of Georgia appear to have found a link between pollution and antibiotic resistance in a published this year.

Using genomic analysis, the research showed that soils containing heavy metals had higher levels of specific bacteria 鈥� Acidobacteriaoceae, Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces 鈥� that possessed antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs).

These ARGs can be 鈥榟orizontally鈥� transferred via animal or insect hosts and confer resistance to various treatments commonly prescribed to humans, including vancomycin, macrolides and quinolones.

Antibiotic resistance has traditionally been viewed as a clinical problem, but this research demonstrates how even pollution in the environment can contribute to the problem. Aquatic environments in particular are likely to breed these horizontal gene transfer events.

Co-author Dr Jesse C Thomas said that widespread antibiotic overuse, environmental pollution and proximity to wildlife hosts of zoonotic disease have created the 鈥減erfect storm鈥� for an increase in antibiotic resistance.

鈥淎 lot of clinically relevant organisms have or are developing resistance to multiple antibiotics,鈥� Dr Thomas said.

鈥淐ompounding this, we live in a world where there is a large exchange of microorganisms, either through the environment, animal or insect hosts, meaning there are many ways these ARGs can spread.

鈥淎s it stands, antibiotics are already over-prescribed and over-consumed. With the added factor of pollution we now have this perfect opportunity for microorganisms to continue to acquire or develop resistance.鈥�

Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem around the world. It was first highlighted in 2013 by the CDC who found that at least 2 million people in the USA develop an antibiotic-resistant infection (ARI) every year. More than 23,000 of these result in a fatality.

Since then the problem has worsened with a growing list of infections impacted by the condition. Contagions like pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood poisoning, gonorrhea and foodborne diseases are becoming increasingly difficult, or outright impossible, to treat as a result.

As such, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has described antibiotic resistance as one of the . More recently, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) has endorsed a ban on repeat prescriptions for certain high-usage antibiotics.

Dr Thomas believes the findings lay the case for more personalised medicine, a paradigm shift that is already underway in some countries.

鈥淚n the future, we are really going to have [to] delve further into personalised medicine. In basic terms, if someone has an infection we need to identify exactly what the infection is, how it was acquired and better understand the resistance profile of that infection. For example, it may be that a certain microorganism is resistant to one penicillin but susceptible to ciprofloxacin,鈥� Dr Thomas said.

鈥淕oing forward, we will also need antibiotics with novel mechanisms to treat infections. I think that goes without saying,鈥� he concluded.

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