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Despite being largely preventable, Australia has the highest reported rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sporting injuries and reconstructions in the world.

ACL is a sporting injury that typically leads to lifelong repercussions, including osteoarthritis.聽Over the past 15 years, the rate of reconstruction in Australians under 25 years of age has risen more than 70%, with the greatest increase among children under 14, according to research published in the聽.

Between July 2000 and June 2015, 197,557 primary ACL reconstructions were performed, according to research leader Associate Professor Christopher Vertullo, director of Knee Research Australia and chair of the Australian Orthopaedic Association Youth Sports Injury Prevention Initiative.

鈥淭he annual incidence increased by 43%, and by 74% among those under 25 years of age. In males, the peak incidence in 2014鈥�15 was for 20- to 24-year-olds; for females, it was for 15- to 19-year-olds.

鈥淎nnual growth in incidence was greatest in the 5- to 14-year-old age group (boys, 7.7%; girls, 8.8%).

鈥淒irect hospital costs of ACL reconstruction surgery in 2014鈥�15 were estimated to be $142 million.鈥�

Rupture of the ACL is a common injury that typically results from a non-contact event in which a previously healthy individual changes direction at speed while playing a multidirectional sport, such as AFL, rugby union, rugby league, netball, basketball or soccer, or skiing.

鈥淭he rise of ACL injury in young people has been attributed to earlier specialisation by younger athletes, longer sporting seasons, more intense training, higher level of competition and a lack of free play.

鈥淭he short-term consequences of ACL rupture include the inability to participate in sport, reconstructive surgery and prolonged rehabilitation. In the long term 鈥� almost all individuals who tear an ACL are at increased risk of osteoarthritis and disability, and this risk is substantially increased by concurrent meniscal injury.鈥� While reconstruction has a high success rate, it doesn鈥檛 make the knee normal again.

Vertullo and colleagues highlight the fact that 20 years of research has shown that ACL injuries are preventable through regular neuromuscular agility training programs that could avert 50鈥�80% of ACL injuries.

The authors emphasise that 鈥減revention is much more cost-effective than either ACL reconstruction or rehabilitation. Establishing a national ACL injury prevention program has been reported as a cost-effective strategy for improving sporting health outcomes for young Australians.

鈥淭he increasing incidence of ACL injury in Australia is an emerging public health problem with potentially detrimental long-term health outcomes, especially for young people,鈥� they concluded.

Image credit: 漏stock.adobe.com/au/auremar