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Researchers have developed a bacteria-destroying technology that uses nano-sized particles of magnetic liquid metal to shred bacteria and bacterial biofilm without harming good cells. The research, published in , offers a new direction in the search for bacteria-fighting technologies.

Antibiotic resistance is a major global health threat, causing at least 700,000 deaths a year. Without action, the death toll could rise to 10 million people a year by 2050.

The biggest issues are the spread of dangerous, drug-resistant superbugs and the growth of bacterial biofilm infections, which can no longer be treated with existing antibiotics.

Dr Aaron Elbourne, a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Nanobiotechnology Laboratory at , said antibiotics had revolutionised health since they were discovered 90 years ago but were losing effectiveness due to misuse.

鈥淲e鈥檙e heading to a post-antibiotic future, where common bacterial infections, minor injuries and routine surgeries could once again become deadly,鈥� he said.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not enough to reduce antibiotic use, we need to completely rethink how we fight bacterial infections.

鈥淏acteria are incredibly adaptable and over time they develop defences to the chemicals used in antibiotics, but they have no way of dealing with a physical attack,鈥� Elbourne explained.

鈥淥ur method uses precision-engineered liquid metals to physically rip bacteria to shreds and smash through the biofilm where bacteria live and multiply.

鈥淲ith further development, we hope this technology could be the way to help make antibiotic resistance history.鈥�

How the technology works

The RMIT University team behind the technology is claimed to be the only group in the world investigating the antibacterial potential of magnetic liquid metal nanoparticles.

When exposed to a low-intensity magnetic field, these nano-sized droplets change shape and develop sharp edges. When the droplets are placed in contact with a bacterial biofilm, their movements and nano-sharp edges break down the biofilm and physically rupture the bacterial cells.

Precision-engineered magnetic liquid metal nanoparticles, which change shape and develop sharp edges after exposure to a magnetic field (image magnified 1000 times).

The team tested the effectiveness of the technology against two types of bacterial biofilms (Gram-positive and Gram-negative).

After 90 minutes of exposure to the liquid metal nanoparticles, both biofilms were destroyed and 99% of the bacteria were dead. Importantly, laboratory tests showed the bacteria-destroying droplets did not affect human cells.

Postdoctoral Fellow Dr Vi Khanh Truong said the versatile technology could one day be used in a range of ways to treat infections.

Golden Staph bacteria before (left) and after (right) exposure to the magnetic liquid metal nanoparticles. In the images, magnified 70,000 times, sharp pieces of liquid metal particle can be seen physically disrupting the bacteria after treatment.

鈥淚t could be used as a spray coating for implants, to make them powerfully antibacterial and reduce the high rates of infection for procedures like hip and knee replacements,鈥� said Truong, currently at North Carolina State University on a Fulbright Scholarship to further the research.

鈥淭here鈥檚 also potential to develop this into an injectable treatment that could be used at the site of infection.鈥�

Led by Truong, Elbourne and Dr James Chapman, the multidisciplinary team is planning to expand the technology beyond antibacterial treatment, exploring how it could be used to treat fungal infections; break through cholesterol plaques and battle heart problems; and stop tumours via injection directly into cancer cells.

Main image caption: Multidisciplinary team: PhD researcher Sheeana Gangadoo, Dr James Chapman, Dr Aaron Elbourne and Dr Vi Khanh Truong. Images courtesy of RMIT University.